the MOlecules of life
COLLEGEBOARD CONCEPT 1:
-"Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.Phosphorous moves from the environment to organisms where it is use din nucleic acids and certain lipids"
-"Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding."
-Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat capacity, universal solvent supports reactions, heat of vaporization, heat of fusion,
and water's thermal conductivity.
.
COLLEGEBOARD CONCEPT 2:
-"The basic structural differences include: DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose), RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA, DNA is usually double stranded and RNA is usually single stranded, the two strands in DNA are antiparallel in directionality."
-"Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil and cytosine pairs with guanine."
-"Purines have a double ring structure (A and G)."
-"Pyramidines have a single ring structure (C, T, and U)."
COLLEGEBOARD CONCEPT 3:
-"DNA replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand."
-"The sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines the RNA function."
-"mRNA carries information from the DNA to the ribosome."
-"tRNA binds specific amino acids and allow information in the mRNA
to be translated to a linear peptide sequence."
-"rRNA molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes."
-"The role of RNA includes regulation of gene expression at the level
of mRNA transcription."
-"Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein."
-"Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome."
-"The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is read in triplets called codons."
-"Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a
genetic code chart (list of sequences for each amino acid, start and stop). Many
amino acids have more than one codon."
-"tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the mRNA."
-"the amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain."
-"the process continues along the mRNA until a "stop" codon is reached."
-"The process terminates by release of the newly synthesized polypeptide/protein."
SKILLS REQUIRED:
SKILLS REQUIRED:
-"Justify the selection of data regarding the types of molecules that an animal, plant, or bacterium will take up as necessary building blocks and excrete as waste products."-Explain the connection between the sequence and the subcomponents of a biological polymer and its properties
-Refine representations and models to explain how the subcomponents of a biological polymer and their sequence determine the properties of that polymer.
-Use models to predict and justify that changes in the subcomponents of a biological polymer affect the functionality of the molecule
-"construct scientific explanations that use the structures and mechanisms of DNA and RNA to support the claim that DNA and, in some cases, that RNA are the primary sources of heritable information."
justify the selection of data regarding the tyoes of molecules that an animal, plant or bacterium will take up as necessary building blocks and excrete as waste products.
represent graphically or model quantitatively the exchange of molecules between an organism and its environment, and the subsequent use of these molecules to build new molecules that facilitate dynamic homeostasis, growth and reproduction
Biochemical and genetic similarities, in particular, DNA nucleotide and protein sequences, provide evidence for evolution and ancestry
Elements that are conserved over across all domains of life are DNA and RNA as carriers of genetic information, a universal genetic code, and many metabolic pathways.
The existence of these properties in organisms today implies that they were present in a universal ancestor and that present life evolved from a universal ancestor.
major features of the genetic code are shared by all modern living systems
Carbon dioxide moves from the environment to photosynthetic organisms, where it is metabolized and incorporated into carbs, proteins, nucleic acids or lipids.
Nitrogen is essential for building nucleic acids and proteins.
Phosphorous is incorporated into nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP and ADP.
In aerobic organisms, oxygen serves as an electron acceptor in energy transformation.
- "Molecules and atoms from the environment are necessary to build new molecules."
-"Nitrogen moves from the environment to organisms where it is used in building proteins and nucleic acids.Phosphorous moves from the environment to organisms where it is use din nucleic acids and certain lipids"
-"Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding."
-Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat capacity, universal solvent supports reactions, heat of vaporization, heat of fusion,
and water's thermal conductivity.
.
COLLEGEBOARD CONCEPT 2:
- "DNA and RNA have structural similarities and differences that define function"
-"The basic structural differences include: DNA contains deoxyribose (RNA contains ribose), RNA contains uracil in lieu of thymine in DNA, DNA is usually double stranded and RNA is usually single stranded, the two strands in DNA are antiparallel in directionality."
-"Both DNA and RNA exhibit specific nucleotide base pairing that is conserved through evolution: adenine pairs with thymine or uracil and cytosine pairs with guanine."
-"Purines have a double ring structure (A and G)."
-"Pyramidines have a single ring structure (C, T, and U)."
COLLEGEBOARD CONCEPT 3:
- "DNA, and in some cases, RNA, is the primary source of heritable information."
-"DNA replication is a semiconservative process; that is, one strand serves as the template for a new, complementary strand."
-"The sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines the RNA function."
-"mRNA carries information from the DNA to the ribosome."
-"tRNA binds specific amino acids and allow information in the mRNA
to be translated to a linear peptide sequence."
-"rRNA molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes."
-"The role of RNA includes regulation of gene expression at the level
of mRNA transcription."
-"Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in a gene to a sequence of amino acids in a protein."
-"Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome."
-"The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is read in triplets called codons."
-"Each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which can be deduced by using a
genetic code chart (list of sequences for each amino acid, start and stop). Many
amino acids have more than one codon."
-"tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place on the mRNA."
-"the amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain."
-"the process continues along the mRNA until a "stop" codon is reached."
-"The process terminates by release of the newly synthesized polypeptide/protein."
SKILLS REQUIRED:
SKILLS REQUIRED:
-"Justify the selection of data regarding the types of molecules that an animal, plant, or bacterium will take up as necessary building blocks and excrete as waste products."-Explain the connection between the sequence and the subcomponents of a biological polymer and its properties
-Refine representations and models to explain how the subcomponents of a biological polymer and their sequence determine the properties of that polymer.
-Use models to predict and justify that changes in the subcomponents of a biological polymer affect the functionality of the molecule
-"construct scientific explanations that use the structures and mechanisms of DNA and RNA to support the claim that DNA and, in some cases, that RNA are the primary sources of heritable information."
justify the selection of data regarding the tyoes of molecules that an animal, plant or bacterium will take up as necessary building blocks and excrete as waste products.
represent graphically or model quantitatively the exchange of molecules between an organism and its environment, and the subsequent use of these molecules to build new molecules that facilitate dynamic homeostasis, growth and reproduction
Biochemical and genetic similarities, in particular, DNA nucleotide and protein sequences, provide evidence for evolution and ancestry
Elements that are conserved over across all domains of life are DNA and RNA as carriers of genetic information, a universal genetic code, and many metabolic pathways.
The existence of these properties in organisms today implies that they were present in a universal ancestor and that present life evolved from a universal ancestor.
major features of the genetic code are shared by all modern living systems
Carbon dioxide moves from the environment to photosynthetic organisms, where it is metabolized and incorporated into carbs, proteins, nucleic acids or lipids.
Nitrogen is essential for building nucleic acids and proteins.
Phosphorous is incorporated into nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP and ADP.
In aerobic organisms, oxygen serves as an electron acceptor in energy transformation.