Metabolism
Metabolic pathways are conserved across all currently recognized domains.
Organisms share many core processes and features that are widely distributed among among organisms today.
-these processes provide evidence that all organisms (Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya, both extant and extinct)
are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry
The student is able to pose scientific questions that conserved core biological processes and features shared by all domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms.
The student is able to justify the scientific claim that organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.
Living systems require free energy and matter to maintain order, grow and reproduce.
Organisms can employ various strategies to capture, use and store free energy and other vital resources.
Energy deficiencies are detrimental to individual organisms
The free energy available in sugars drives metabolic pathways in cells.
Cells and organisms must exchange matter with the environment. For example, water and nutrients are used in the synthesis of new molecules; carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is incorporated into carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids or fats.
Living systems require energy to maintain order, grow and reproduce. In accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, to offset entropy, energy input must exceed energy lost from and used by an organism to maintain order.
Life Requires a highly ordered system:
-order is maintained by constant free energy input into the system
-loss of order or free energy flow results in death.
-increased disorder and entropy are offset by biological processes that maintain or increase order.
Living systems do not violate the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy increases over time:
- order is maintained by coupling cellular processes that increase entropy (and so have negative changes in free energy)
with those that decrease entropy (and so have positive changes in free energy)
-Energy input must exceed free energy lost to entropy to maintain order and power cellular processes.
-Energetically favorable exergonic reactions, such as ATP-->ADP, that have a negative change in free energy can be used
to maintain or increase order in a system by being coupled with reactions that have a positive free energy change.
Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway:
- (i.e. krebs, glycolysis, calvin cycle, or fermentation)
Organisms use free energy to maintain organization, grow, and reproduce:
-Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism
-endothermy: use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperature.
-ectothermy: the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature.
-elevated floral temperatures in some plant species.
-Excess acquired free energy versus required free energy expenditure results in energy storage or growth.
-Insufficient acquired free energy versus required free energy expenditure results in the loss of mass and,
ultimately, the death of and organism.
Free energy becomes available for metabolism by the conversion of ATP--> ADP, which is coupled to many steps in metabolic pathways
-represent graphically or model quantitatively the exchange of molecules between an organism and its environment, and the subsequent use of these molecules to build new molecules that facilitate dynamic homeostasis, growth and reproduction
Disruptions at the molecular and cellular levels affect the health of the organism:
-physiological responses to toxic substances (toxins and poisons are often irreversible enzyme (competitive inhibitors-
they bind to the enzyme's active site)
Organisms share many core processes and features that are widely distributed among among organisms today.
-these processes provide evidence that all organisms (Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya, both extant and extinct)
are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry
The student is able to pose scientific questions that conserved core biological processes and features shared by all domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms.
The student is able to justify the scientific claim that organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.
Living systems require free energy and matter to maintain order, grow and reproduce.
Organisms can employ various strategies to capture, use and store free energy and other vital resources.
Energy deficiencies are detrimental to individual organisms
The free energy available in sugars drives metabolic pathways in cells.
Cells and organisms must exchange matter with the environment. For example, water and nutrients are used in the synthesis of new molecules; carbon moves from the environment to organisms where it is incorporated into carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids or fats.
Living systems require energy to maintain order, grow and reproduce. In accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, to offset entropy, energy input must exceed energy lost from and used by an organism to maintain order.
Life Requires a highly ordered system:
-order is maintained by constant free energy input into the system
-loss of order or free energy flow results in death.
-increased disorder and entropy are offset by biological processes that maintain or increase order.
Living systems do not violate the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy increases over time:
- order is maintained by coupling cellular processes that increase entropy (and so have negative changes in free energy)
with those that decrease entropy (and so have positive changes in free energy)
-Energy input must exceed free energy lost to entropy to maintain order and power cellular processes.
-Energetically favorable exergonic reactions, such as ATP-->ADP, that have a negative change in free energy can be used
to maintain or increase order in a system by being coupled with reactions that have a positive free energy change.
Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway:
- (i.e. krebs, glycolysis, calvin cycle, or fermentation)
Organisms use free energy to maintain organization, grow, and reproduce:
-Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism
-endothermy: use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperature.
-ectothermy: the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature.
-elevated floral temperatures in some plant species.
-Excess acquired free energy versus required free energy expenditure results in energy storage or growth.
-Insufficient acquired free energy versus required free energy expenditure results in the loss of mass and,
ultimately, the death of and organism.
Free energy becomes available for metabolism by the conversion of ATP--> ADP, which is coupled to many steps in metabolic pathways
-represent graphically or model quantitatively the exchange of molecules between an organism and its environment, and the subsequent use of these molecules to build new molecules that facilitate dynamic homeostasis, growth and reproduction
Disruptions at the molecular and cellular levels affect the health of the organism:
-physiological responses to toxic substances (toxins and poisons are often irreversible enzyme (competitive inhibitors-
they bind to the enzyme's active site)