Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interdependent processes.
Cellular respiration and fermentation harvest free energy from sugars to produce free energy carriers, including ATP.
Oxygen is necessary for more efficient free energy use in cellular respiration
- in aerobic organisms, oxygen serves as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Heterotrophs harvest free energy from carbon compounds produced by other organisms.
-heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and protein by hydrolysis as sources of free energy
-fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence
of oxygen
Cellular respiration and fermentation use free energy available from sugars and from interconnected, multi-step pathways to phosphorylate ADP, producing the most common energy carrier, ATP. The free energy available in sugars can be use dot drive metabolic pathways vital to cell processes.
Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates.
- Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate
- Pyruvate is transported form the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs.
- In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released form organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from
ADP and in organic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.
-Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the
electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes. (memorization of the names of specific electron carriers in the ETC is not necessary)
- ETC reactions occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and across the cell membrane of prokaryotes during
cellular respiration
- In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors
as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen.
- The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial
membrane , with the membrane separating the region of high proton concentration (in the inter membrane space)
and the region of low proton concentration (in the matrix). In prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied
by the outward movement of protons across the plasma membrane.
-The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemosmosis generates ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate.
-In cellular respiration, decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from the ETC is involved in thermoregulation.
The student is able to:
-use representations to pose scientific questions about what mechanisms and structural features allow organisms to capture, store and use free energy.
-construct explanations of the mechanisms and structural features of cells that allow organisms to capture, store or use free energy.
Cellular respiration and fermentation harvest free energy from sugars to produce free energy carriers, including ATP.
Oxygen is necessary for more efficient free energy use in cellular respiration
- in aerobic organisms, oxygen serves as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Heterotrophs harvest free energy from carbon compounds produced by other organisms.
-heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and protein by hydrolysis as sources of free energy
-fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence
of oxygen
Cellular respiration and fermentation use free energy available from sugars and from interconnected, multi-step pathways to phosphorylate ADP, producing the most common energy carrier, ATP. The free energy available in sugars can be use dot drive metabolic pathways vital to cell processes.
Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates.
- Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate
- Pyruvate is transported form the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs.
- In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released form organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from
ADP and in organic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes.
-Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the
electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes. (memorization of the names of specific electron carriers in the ETC is not necessary)
- ETC reactions occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and across the cell membrane of prokaryotes during
cellular respiration
- In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors
as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen.
- The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial
membrane , with the membrane separating the region of high proton concentration (in the inter membrane space)
and the region of low proton concentration (in the matrix). In prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied
by the outward movement of protons across the plasma membrane.
-The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemosmosis generates ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate.
-In cellular respiration, decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from the ETC is involved in thermoregulation.
The student is able to:
-use representations to pose scientific questions about what mechanisms and structural features allow organisms to capture, store and use free energy.
-construct explanations of the mechanisms and structural features of cells that allow organisms to capture, store or use free energy.